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The diagram shows the evolution of a copper surface from metal through OH adsorption to Cu2O and Cu(OH). Modulating the voltage enables the X-ray to reveal the surface chemistry as the reaction occurs.

Accessing Dynamic Electrochemical Interfaces

A new technique reveals ultrafast processes in electrode-electrolyte interfaces under operating conditions.

Two nitric oxide molecules are irradiated with an attosecond X-ray pulse and release an electron. This is an example of the photoelectric effect.

Interactions Between X-Rays and Matter Provide Insights into How Electrons Behave in Molecules

By measuring the delay between when a molecule absorbs a photon from an X-ray and emits an electron, scientists gained insight into how electrons interact.

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