Estimating Global Energy Use for Water-Related Processes
Scientists find that water-related energy consumption is increasing across the globe, with pronounced differences across regions and sectors.
The Science
Rapid world population growth and rising living standards are increasing the demand for both water and energy. Water resources are degrading. Regional energy sources are undergoing rapid transitions. These changes to water and energy make meeting rising demands more challenging. Add to that, changes in weather patterns and extremes can aggravate regional water scarcity. A major challenge is to better understand changes in energy use for water-related processes. A team estimated the global historical water-related energy use over a 40-year period across 14 global regions.
The Impact
This work directly enhances our understanding of how energy and water systems are inter-connected. It provides these insights by examining the role of energy-for-water in energy markets. The findings could influence regional strategies. In addition, results and capabilities are relevant for other, more focused scientific research in hydrology, energy, climate, and adaptation.
Summary
Despite substantial efforts to quantify the interdependence of the water and energy sectors, global requirements of energy for water transport, treatment, and distribution are still poorly understood. The lack of quantitative information may lead to biases in projections and, consequently, water and energy management strategies. In a recent study, researchers from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory estimated global and regional primary energy consumption for water. They estimated water-related energy consumption by water source, sector, and process for 14 global regions from 1973 to 2012. Globally, energy for water consumed 10.2 exajoules of primary energy in 2010, accounting for 1.7% to 2.7% of total global primary energy consumption, of which 58% pertains to surface water, 30% to groundwater, and 12% to non-fresh water. The researchers found the largest sectoral allocation of energy for water use is municipal (45%), followed by industrial (30%), and agricultural (25%). The main process-level contributions are from source and conveyance (39%), purification (27%), distribution (12%), and wastewater treatment (18%). The United States was the largest energy for water consumer from the 1970s until the 2000s. Now, however, the largest consumers are the Middle East, India, and China, driven by rapid growth in desalination, groundwater-based pumping for irrigation, and industrial and municipal water use, respectively. These findings will enable enhanced consistency of both water and energy representations in integrated assessment models.
Contact
(BER PM)
Robert Vallario
Integrated Assessment Research Program Manager
Bob.Vallario@science.doe.gov
(PI Contacts)
Leon Clarke and Mohamad Hejazi
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Joint Global Change Research Institute
Leon.Clarke@pnnl.gov, Mohamad.Hejazi@pnnl.gov
Funding
This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research through the Integrated Assessment Research program.
Publications
Y. Liu, M. Hejazi, P. Kyle, S.H. Kim, E. Davies, D.G. Miralles, A.J. Teuling, Y. He, and D. Niyogi, “Global and regional evaluation of energy for water.” Environmental Science and Technology 50(17), 9736-9745 (2016). [DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01065]
P. Kyle, N. Johnson, E. Davies, D.L. Bijl, I. Mouratiadou, M. Bevione, L. Drouet, S. Fujimori, Y. Liu, and M. Hejazi, “Setting the system boundaries of ‘energy for water’ for integrated modeling.” Environmental Science and Technology 50(17), 8930-8931 (2016). [DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01066]
Highlight Categories
Performer: University , DOE Laboratory
